Texas Wedge - This is a slang term when you use your putter from an area off of the putting surface.  It is normally when a golfer is close to the green but doesn't want to chip with a wedge.  Some golfers say only golfers who can't chip use a Texas wedge.  Others say, "A bad putt is always better than a good chip."

Par - The number of strokes applied to a particular hole equal to two putts on the hole and the number of strokes it takes most golfers to reach the green.  Most holes under 200 yards are par three.  Holes over 200 to 450 yards are generally par four holes.  Longer holes are par five.

Bogey - Finishing a hole with one stroke over par.

Double Bogey - Finishing a hole two strokes over par.

Birdie - Finishing a hole one stroke under par.

Eagle - Finishing a hole with a score two strokes under par.

Mulligan - Hitting a second drive from the tee box with no penalty.  Not actually a legal stroke but often used when playing among friends.  They can often be purchased during charity tournaments.

Hook - A ball hit with a hard left turn for a right-handed golfer.  A hook turns right for a left-handed golfer.

Draw - A ball hit that turns slightly to the left for a right-handed golfer, slightly right for a left-handed golfer.

Slice - A ball hit with a hard right turn for a right-handed golfer, left for a left-handed golfer.

Fade - A ball that turns slightly right for a right-handed golfer, slightly left for a left-handed golfer.

Chunk or Hit Fat - Usually hitting severely under the ball, often into the ground or grass.  The ball often hops high with little distance.

Blading or Hitting the Ball Thin - Hitting high on the ball with the bottom edge of the club.  Balls hit in this manner stay low and often go further than normal.

Drive - The initial ball struck from the tee box, usually using a tee.

Chip - A short shot designed to stay fairly low and roll onto the green toward the hole.

Pitch - A short shot designed to go high and stop on the green with little roll. 

Lob or Flop Shot - A short shot designed to go unusually high.  This shot is used to go over obstacles.

Putt - A shot made with the putter, usually on the green.  Putts may be made from off the green with no penalty.
Penalty Stroke - A stroke assessed in addition to actual strokes made by a player.  Penalty strokes include:  hitting into water, illegally moving the ball, hitting the wrong ball (two strokes).

Playing Through - When a group of golfers allows a faster-playing group of golfers to play onto the hole.  The initial group waits until the faster group is out of range then plays on.

Punch Shot - A low shot designed to keep the ball low.  Often used when under trees.

Stroke Play - When each player is playing their own ball.  Their score is the total of all the strokes taken in a round plus penalty strokes.

Match Play - When two golfers are competing on the course against each other.  The score is by holes won and the strokes on each hole are not recorded, just who won the hole.  When one golfer has won more holes than the other golfer could match or beat by winning all remaining holes, the match is over.

Scramble - When a team of two to four players are playing together.  Each player hits and then all players take their ball to the ball in the best position.  They then all hit again from that location.  This process is repeated until the ball is in the hole.

Captains Ball Play - When a foursome of golfers agrees to use the best drive as if it were all their drives.  Each player then plays their own shots and ball until the ball is in the hole.

Hazard - Any bunker or water on the course.

Bunker - A hole with sand that can be located anywhere on the course, often found around the green, to add challenge to the game.

Lateral Hazard - Usually a hazard along the side of the fairway.

Fairway - The closely mowed area usually along a line from the tee box to the hole.

Rough - The taller grass, often of varying heights, next to the fairway.

"Don't give the hole away" - A term used in putting.  It means to aim inside the hole.